High-Tech Collars Replace Traditional Fencing for Livestock Management

A new technology called virtual fencing uses GPS collars with audio alerts and electric pulses to control livestock without physical barriers. While the system offers benefits for rotational grazing, it comes with costs of $269 per collar plus monthly fees and cannot protect animals from predators.

(Editor’s note: Susan Schoenian serves as Sheep and Goat Specialist Emeritus at the University of Maryland.)

A revolutionary technology called virtual fencing allows farmers to manage livestock without traditional physical barriers. The system relies on sound alerts and mild electric stimulation to maintain animals within designated invisible perimeters.

This innovative approach takes advantage of livestock’s natural flocking behavior. Animals wear GPS-enabled collars equipped with solar panels and rechargeable batteries. Manufacturers have created collar versions specifically for sheep and goats, with smaller models available even for miniature goat breeds.

Sheep present unique challenges due to their wool, prompting Australian scientists to explore ear tag alternatives. Some animals may also resist wearing collar devices.

When livestock approach the predetermined boundary, their collars produce audible warnings designed to capture attention and encourage retreat from the virtual barrier. Animals that ignore the audio cues receive a mild electric correction through the collar. Once an animal crosses the boundary, it can return to the grazing zone without any deterrent activation.

Successful implementation requires reliable cellular service, making the technology most effective in open areas with strong cell tower coverage and abundant sunlight. Terrain features like hills and wooded areas can interfere with connectivity.

Battery maintenance adds to the workload, as power sources typically require replacement every three to eight weeks depending on usage patterns.

The financial investment is substantial. Leading manufacturers price individual collars at $269 each when purchasing five to 24 units for sheep or goats, with volume discounts available for larger orders. Monthly software subscriptions cost $4.50 per collar, or $35 annually, enabling smartphone-based herd management through mobile applications.

Despite these expenses, traditional fencing also carries significant costs, plus the labor demands of relocating barriers and animals during rotational grazing operations.

Predator protection remains a major concern for sheep and goat operations considering virtual systems. Unlike physical barriers, these invisible boundaries cannot exclude dangerous wildlife from grazing areas. Supporters argue the technology allows livestock to escape threats rather than becoming trapped against solid fencing.

Future developments may incorporate livestock guardian animals into virtual grazing programs, though this involves more complexity than simply equipping guard dogs with collars.

The technology is attracting growing interest among small ruminant producers, but users must understand that virtual systems cannot contain every animal consistently. The focus centers more on directing movement than absolute containment, meaning physical fencing remains necessary in certain situations.

Virtual barriers work best in locations where traditional fencing proves difficult or prohibitively expensive to install. The technology excels at managing rotational grazing within existing perimeter fences while providing enhanced livestock monitoring capabilities through smartphone connectivity.

Research confirms that sheep and goats can successfully adapt to virtual fencing systems, though real-world results vary widely and economic benefits differ across individual operations.